"Do you know what it feels like for a girl in this world?" asks Madonna in her song. In this world, the western world, what it feels like to be a girl is almost degrading. Much of this "degrading" comes from the media and from ourselves. I'll give you some examples:

"THE VOICES"
The Inner War

The first thing we do when we wake up is touch our stomachs and decide if it's going to be a "bad gut day." This all depends on what we ate the day before. If we (more than likely) decide it's a bad gut day, then we start to berate ourselves for eating at all, or too much or some damn (perfectly OK) food item, or not exercising enough the day before.

Next stop is the bathroom. As soon as we look in the mirror, the degrading begins. "The voices" say: Your hair is a mess. Oh look at those zits. Your teeth are ugly. Man, you should get some make-up on. You look like hell.

After the shower, we have to get dressed. This starts the rest of the body degrading. "The voices" are saying: "What am I going to put on that doesn't make me look fat. Look at you. You fat slob. Your ass is the size of small strip mall. I can't wear this skirt. I look like a moose. I have to stop eating. I bet everyone laughs at me when I walk by. No, I bet no one even looks at me."

"You eat your goddamn Cherrios and bicker with the bitch in your head who keeps telling you you're fat and weak: Shut up you say, I'm busy, leave me alone. Bear in mind she is trying to kill you. Bear in mind you have a life to live."
Wasted:a memoir of anorexia and bulimia
Marya Hornbacher (Harper Collins Publishers, 1998)

Now we get to work. Someone walks by us that we PERCEIVE to be better, thinner, taller, more fabulous, more something. "The voices" kick in: Don't you wish you looked like her? Maybe if you'd stop eating you slob, you might have a chance. You should leave early today so you can get to the gym and run off that big ass of yours."

Never mind all that. Now you go to the gym. Once in a while you get a break from "the voices" so you can actually get a workout in and still feel relatively good. Until someone walks by that is really thin. (in this society really thin is really in). Then the voices start all over again.

" - you find that by and large most women are obsessed with their weight. I go to the gym, and women are standing around in their underwear bitching about their bellies, I go to a restaurant and listen to women cheerfully talk about their latest diet, I go to a women's clothing store and the woman helping me, most universally, will launch into a monologue about how these pants are very slimming...I don't necessarily want pants that are slimming, I don't want to look like the photos of skeletal models on the walls. Wanting to be healthy is seen as really weird."
(Hornbacher, 1998)

I can't imagine what it is like for an adolescent female today. Most of these "voices" start very early on and the more obsessed we get by repeating this negative self-talk, the more inner war there is. How did this all start? Where do the "voices" come from? Why aren't there voices telling us the truth instead of all these lies and distortions? Why don't the voices say positive, nurturing things, and congratulate us for being the wonderful human beings that we are? What the hell happened???

Lousie Hay gives us the bottom line, one that society has trained us well to believe:

" . . . loving the self begins with never, ever criticizing ourselves for anything. I watch thier faces as I ask them if they criticize themselves. Their reactions tell me so much:
• Well, of course I do.
• All the time.
• Not as much as I used to.
• Well, how am I going to ever change if I don't criticize myself?
• Doesn't everyone?
They feel they are too tall, too short, too fat, too thin, too dumb, too old, too young, too ugly. (The most beautiful or handsome will often say this.) Notice how it's always "too" something. Finally we get down to the bottom line, and they say, "I am not good enough."

THE PURSUIT OF PERFECTION
The Outer Beauty

I received the latest issue of "ACE Fitness Matters" put out by the American Council on Exercise. The title of this issue is "The Pursuit of Perfection: At What Cost?" The article entitled "Exercise and Self-esteem: When the Pursuit of Perfection Overrides the Pursuit of Fitness," well known exercise specialist, fitness video star, and highly accomplished personal trainer Kelli Roberts talks about her own inner war with self-hatred, distortions, and bulimia:

She vomited up to seven times a day and routinely exercised for four hours at a clip. "All this was done in the pursuit of the ideal body," Roberts says. "I wanted to be accepted so badly, and in order to be accepted I thought I had to be perfect." There was a time when her feelings of self-loathing were so strong she attempted suicide. "I had very low self-esteem and a very poor body image," Roberts recalls sadly. (Neporent, p. 10)

This remark by Nancy Sherwood, Ph.D. of the University of Minnesota's School of Public Health unfortunately really hits home for many: "For some individuals, how they feel about their body and appearance matters more in their overall assessment of themselves than anything else." The media, many so called "health" clubs that don't advocate health with their tanning booths, perfectionistic attitudes, and perfect body posters (no wonder so many people don't want to join them), and several other "body oriented" businesses put out unspoken [and often spoken] pressure to strive for the "perfect body" at all costs: your health, your self-respect, your integrity, your very soul. This is where the severe disconnection comes into play, where the body is treated as a seperate unit, as if it had nothing to do with your mind or your spirit. The whole person suffers because the mind, the body, and the soul are all connected. You can't disconnect from your body and be truly balanced and happy with your self.

MIXED MESSAGES

"Kill Your Television" is a pin I have. I don't have a TV, only one that will show videos, I don't get any channels. I've never had any use for TV and I have never owned one as an adult. The media sends the worst messages, not only to the vunerable children and adolescents, but to people in general. The last thing I read stated that the average American watches somewhere between 20 and 40 hours of TV a week. That is one hell of a lot of media influence - this scares me.

What the media, including TV, magazines, billboards, etc. sends out there to many is gospel. The media has affected young girls and women alike by it's version of "what it means for a girl in this world." The messages are unrealistic and mixed. One message to the youth is about safe sex or abstinence. But every other ad out there is sexual, from perfume to clothing, to roller blading, to cigarette smoking (don't smoke but you're sexy and cool if you do). The media shows that to be popular, and sexy you have to be young, tanned, bone thin, with breast implants. Many health clubs advocate the same message. The average size girl thinks she's the size of an amazon war goddess, and 8 year old children are worried about getting fat. This is pathetic, disgusting, and a disgrace to the western civilization.

To show a vivid example of the media, it's influence, and mixed messages, take a look at these pictures from two articles out of People Magazine. These articles are only six months apart. One talks about "Wasting Away" and the eating disorders on college campuses, what a tragedy it is. Where did these girls get the notion of being bone thin from? And to go to extremes to get there? Take a look at the photos from the article six months later and it shows you exactly were they got the notion from. There is no difference in the Hollywood bodies than in the bodies of the eating disordered girls.

"Healthy Bodies Are Back!" was another article that was on the cover of a more recent People Magazine. This article discussed that several stars including Catherine Zeta-Jones, Drew Barrymore, and Kate Winslet who were happy with what People called "some extra flesh." I don't know for sure, but I'm guessing "extra flesh" means they were maybe a size 4, 6, or heaven forbid, a size 8 instead of a size zero or 2. (The average dress size in America is a size 12 or 14.)

These unrealistic, dysfuctional, and disturbing notions are taking their toll on the vunerable: young girls, adolescents, college students, fitness instructors, and females in general. "You'd like to know wouldn't you? What it feels like for a girl..." What it feels like for a girl is severe (in some cases) anxiety, low self-esteem, self-loathing, and body-hatred. What it feels like for a girl is depression about not being able to fit society's ideal of the "perfect appearance." Many girls and women go to extremes in search of gaining this air-brushed notion of perfection. Some of these extremes often include an eating disorder.

DISORDERED EATING

I'm not at all shocked about eating disorders being on the rise. There is more pressure now than ever on a female's physical appearance, and the "acceptable" appearance is toted to be dangerously stick thin. Nearly every female magazine out there has lists on the front cover how to make yourself look thinner, younger, and how to do it quickly. "Your Guide to Younger Skin." "Walk Off Those Pounds." "Get Fit and Firm." "How to Lose Weight Without Dieting." "Get a Great Body." "Real Life Makeovers." "Lose Those Extra Pounds Fast." O Magazine by my hero, Oprah Winfrey, is one of the few magazines that actually has stuff on the cover and inside that says what's right about you! (You go Oprah girl! You got my subscription order!)

"Maybe [too-thin actresses] are not clinically anorexic," Jennifer Aniston's former trainer Kathy Kaehler wrote in her column in Women's Sports and Fitness. "But they definately have disordered eating habits." (People Magazine, 1999)

"Disordered Eating" is the new term frequently heard when referring to eating disorders and any form of unhealthy eating or not eating. Whitney, et al.(1998), defines eating disorders as: a disturbance in eating behavior that jeopardizes a person's physical or psychological health. The American Psychiatric Association's Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DMS-IV) has specific diagnostic criteria that must be met for diagnosing Anorexia Nervosa (self-starvation, refusal to maintain a minimally normal body weight) and Bulimia Nervosa (repeated episodes of binge-eating followed by purging the binge through vomiting, use of laxitives, diuretics, excessive exercise, or other medications). The DSM-IV also includes another category, Eating Disorder Not Otherwise Specified (NOS) to cover an eating disorder that doesn't meet all the criteria for anorexia or bulimia.

THE CRITERIA

ANOREXIA NERVOSA*
Essential Features:

• Intense dread/fear of becoming fat, though emaciated
• Distorted perception of one's body size or shape
• Refusual to maintain minimal weight for age/height <85% of expected
• Denial of the seriousness of current low body weight
• Amenorrhea for three consecutive months

• Perfectionistic: thinnest, smartest, neatest
• Extreme need for control
• Compulsive exercising
• Food rituals or refusing to eat with others
• Marked weight loss
• Anti-social, depressed, inflexible thinking
• Low self-esteem/self-worth

• Restricting type: weight loss primarily through dieting, fasting, or excessive exercise. Does not include regular binge-purge cycles.
• Binge-eating/Purging type: binge-eating and purging through vomiting, laxitives, diuretics, excessive exercise. Binge-eating does not always happen, but purging of some sort may occur after consumption of small amounts of food.

BULIMIA NERVOSA*
Essential Features:

• Binging defined as consuming in a discrete period (less than 2 hours and not always in the same setting), an amount of food larger than most individuals would eat under the same circumstances
• Lack of control over the eating episode
• Reoccurrent "purging" in order to control weight gain: vomiting (80-90% of cases), misuse of laxitives, diuretics, diet pills, excessive exercise, fasting
• Normal body weight or slightly over-weight, or weight fluctuations
• Excessive emphasis on weight and body shape in self-evaluation

• Mood disorders (major depression, dysthymic disorder)
• Low self-esteem
• Anxiety disorders
• Obsessive-compulsive
• Promiscuous (a mask for a desire to be accepted/respected)
• Constant feeling of being out of control
• Possible sexual abuse, post tramatic stress disorder
• Wants help badly!

• Purging type: regularly engages in a type of purging, i.e. vomiting, laxatives, excessive exercise
• Nonpurging type: purges but through fasting or excessive exercise, not vomiting or laxative abuse, etc.

Binge-Eating Disorder / Compulsive Eating is another type of disordered eating. The characteristics include periods of impulsive gorging (binging) or continuous eating, usually without being hungry and in secret. There is no purging, like in bulimia, but there may be sporatic fasts or repetitive diets. Body weight could be normal, but could also vary from mild to moderate to severe obesity (Eating Disorders Awareness and Prevention [EDAP], 1998).

"Other" Eating Disorders are present in many people. These others don't quite fit the criteria for anorexia or bulima, but they are clearly disordered eating behaviors. Some people may abuse vomiting and excessive exercise without binging as forms of weight control (EDAP, 1998).

WHERE DOES IT ALL BEGIN?

According to Eating Disorders Awareness & Prevention this is how eating disorders may begin:

"Eating Disorders arise from a combination of long-standing psychological, interpersonal, and social conditions. Feelings of inadequacy, depression, anxiety, and loneliness, as well as troubled family and personal relationships, may contribute to the developement of an eating disorder. Our culture, with it's unrelenting idealization of thinness and the "perfect body," is often a contributing factor. Once started, eating disorders may become self-perpetuating. Dieting, binging, and purging help some people to cope with painful emotions and to feel as if they are in control of their lives. Yet, at the same time, these behaviors undermine physical health, self-esteem, and a sense of competence and control." (EDAP, 1998)

Many eating disorders begin with something as simple as wanting to lose some weight. Once some weight is lost, and all the social comments are being made about how "great an individual looks since they lost weight," the person may decide to lose more weight.

"I fell in love with dieting," Lisa Arndt says of her bouts with anorexia.
(People Magazine, 1999)

I must agree with Denise Lamothe, Psychologist and Doctor of Holistic Health, Eating Disorders Specialist, with her insightful summary regarding food abuse:

"Food abuse behavior is about a lot of things. It is about how we are feeling about ourselves at the moment, about self-love and self-hatred. It's about feeling out of balance and disconnected. It's also about what it going on in our bodies on a cellular level and about how tired and how stressed we feel. Food abuse has to do with the quality of our relationships and the environment in which we live. It has to do with what are our hormones are up to and what season of the year it is. Destructive and/or healthy food behaviors tie in with our attitudes about ourselves and others and the world in which we live; and with the messages we have carried with us from the time we were children.

THE MIND/BODY CONNECTION

Mind-body exercise is the latest craze in the fitness industry. This includes yoga, Qi Gung/Tai Chi, Pilates, and other mindful and/or "meditation in motion" type exercises. These movements are meant to connect the mind, body, and spirit so they move together as one unit, thus balance and harmony is achieved. When I present continuing education workshops on these subjects, what I have noticed more often than not, is the disconnection from the body that many fitness people display. I gave some examples of this "disconnection" at the beginning of this piece.

The lady from NY with her near perfect (by some's standards) fitness physique that was stiff and controlled. The group exercise director that was forever sick or injured but wanted to continue teaching 10, 15, or even 20 classes a week. There are countless others that I have encountered in my 15 plus years in the industry. People continue to abuse and dishonor their bodies, then become injured or ill. A journal entry I read from a student made this remark: "I couldn't believe I got sick. My body failed me." I wrote on her paper: "No, you failed your body." Also in the latest issue of ACE Fitness Matters that highlighted Kelli Roberts, Jim Gerard discusses his use and abuse of his body through training:

"Come pulled muscles, fatigue, or flu, I stuck to my split-routine regimen, methodically cranking out each set, mindless of any distress signals my body was desperately flashing. The results, of course, were overtraining, injury, and - often - disenchantment."

Disordered eating falls in with this "disconnection" from the body. What eating disorder individuals do is treat their bodies in a similiar fashion that many fitness people do. They mistreat thier bodies by either starving them of the nutrients needed, stuffing them with too many nutrients that aren't needed - then purge them in some obsessive fashion, or don't purge the excess food and become obese. Fitness people beat on their bodies through excessive exercise and training regimes, or by plowing through workouts while injured. This is not what the mind, body, and spirit connection is about, nor is it healthy.

Another disconnection regarding eating disorders is from the emotions. A paramount feature of anorexia, bulimia, and compulsive eaters is the lack of emotions or being severly out of touch with the emotions. Lamothe (1998) talks about "feeding emotional needs" as does fitness trainer Bob Greene in the article entitled "Emotional Hunger: The Hungry I" in Orpah Magazine (October 2000). Real feelings are being deeply hidden and food control (or lack of control) is a tangible entity used to hide the emotions behind.

• Angry + Lonely = ice cream
• Hurt = chocolate
• Bored + cookies = guilt
• We've all let our feelings overrule our appetites and then regretted it.
  (Greene, 2000)

I'm going to add in that lonely + angry = ice cream by the quart or half gallon = binge then purge; bulimia. Hurt + neglected, yet controlled = restriction and control of food; anorexia. Sexual abuse + trama = restrict the emotions by controlling what you can: food intake; anorexia or loss of control in secret with shame; bulimia. It's not about the food. It's about using food (in a controlled or uncontrolled obsessive fashion) as the means to fill a deep wound/void or psychological need that more than likely began in childhood.

Most of us, if not all of us have, at one time or another, used some sort of "vice" to get us through a rough time; some sort of a coping mechanism. It's healthy on occassion to use a coping mechanism for awhile to get by. But sooner or later we face reality and deal. If you get the awful news that a loved one is terminally ill, you may go into denial for awhile until you can face the painful reality.

When we don't want to face our own painful feelings we may turn to our coping mechanism and not turn back. For some, the reality is just too painful and the coping mechanism takes over. Some people use alcohol or drugs when the going gets tough and become addicted. Others are workaholics are stay late at the office so they don't have to face their feelings. Many use excessive exercise to run away from feelings. People with eating disorders use food in one way or another to cope with painful emotions that they can't face.

Many eating disorders begin as early as childhood. Some have critical, nasty, demanding parents that the child was forever trying to please. For others, it could have been an older or younger sibling that was perceived as more attractive, thinner, smarter, etc. Another hugh factor to consider is sexual abuse or trama. Using food restriction and control could very well have been the only thing the child felt he or she was able to control (either through restriction or binge/purge cycles or both). The "coping mechanism" (food) becomes the obession therefore the other painful goings on could be pushed in the background.

Many compulsive eaters use food to "self-medicate" or "soothe" the feelings of loneliness, hurt, guilt, anger, and frustration and other painful emotions. All of these disordered eating behaviors lead to a vicious cycle of feeling bad, food abuse to feel better, feeling worse because of the food abuse, feeling bad again, using food again, and so on. This underminds self-esteem, self-control, leads to depression, guilt, damage to body, the mind, the soul and spirit, and in some cases, as in Karen Carpenter's, death.. .

WARNING SIGNS

EDAP (1998) lists these as warning signs for a possible eating disorder:

• A marked increase or decrease in weight not related to a medical condition.
• The development of abnormal eating habits such as severe dieting, preference for strange foods, withdrawn at mealtime, or secretive bingeing.
• An intense preoccupation with weight and body image.
• Compulsive or excessive exercising.
• Self-induced vomiting, periods of fasting, or laxative, diet pill, or diuretic abuse.
• Feelings of isolation, depression, or irritability.

In addition to the above, Michael Levine, Ph.D. also states:
"Know the warning signs of anorexia nervosa and/or bulimia nervosa, including those of an emergency. people with eating disorders require immediate attention, including quite possibly hospitalization, if they are:

• unable to function effectively because they are too weak or too sick or too caught up in binge-eating and purging.
• suicidal.
• acting out in a bizarre or disorganized fashion via tantrums, promiscuity, substance abuse, self-multilization.
• unable to keep any food "down."
• consistantly behaving in ways that leave family and friends "at wits end" - frightened, angry, exhausted, and over-involved."

Levine continues: "Although people with eating disorders are typically frightened by their own behavior, they enjoy some aspects of it (e.g., losing weight) and they are convinced that stopping will bring the terror of "becoming fat." Ambivalence + secretiveness + cleverness + the overlap between the symptons and culturally sanctioned practices = problems in detection. Even if you know a lot about eating disorders, and even if you know the person well, do not be too hard on yourself or others if you fail to detect the non-emergent signs in a timely fashion or at all."

WHAT CAN WE DO?

Eating disorders are serious and complex. They have serious physical and psychological effects and usually require a multi-dimensional treatment team (medical doctor, nutritionist, psychologist). The psychological effects may more than likely cause individuals to deny the disorders and resist help or concern from others.

A collaboration between friends, family, and others concerned is one way to:

• communicate care and concern.
• identify a problem.
• effective referral.
• identify emergencies.
• increase awareness of resources.
• support mature decision making.
• remain open to furture consultation.
• protect their rights.

In the fitness industry, what instructors can do:

• avoid negative self-talk about your body and other bodies. This will help not only make you feel better about yourself, but will it may help prevent someone around you that may have an eating disorder from obsesssing further.
• avoid remarks about "bad food/good food." Nutritionists will tell you there is no such thing as bad food and good food. It is about serving size, and moderation, not complete avoidance, restriction, or obsession.
• avoid remarks like: "Well I'll just run more or take another class or work out harder." Once again, this is fuel for the fire to people with excessive exercise compulsions.
• congratulating someone for losing a great deal of weight may be in order as long as you know they did it in a healthy manner. Again, making a big deal over weight loss can fuel the fire to someone with disordered eating. I tend to always ask if they feel good and if they are getting enough nutrients, if so, then I will say hurray!
• be aware (or beware) of your own eating habits and how you present yourself. Present a healthy and wellness attitude towards taking care of yourself, not an obession with your physical appearance like it was the only thing that mattered in your life or any body elses.

I realized when I went back to college and entered the REAL world, that many, many people (unless you are in the fitness industry) don't obsess about their weight and physical appearance. Family, friends, careers, and life come first. Some sort of physical activity is absolutely necessary, but for many people it is not the "be all and end all." I couldn't understand all this for the longest time. I spent 15 plus years with my life revolving around fitness. Once I found out what the rest of the world (the 85% that doesn't belong to a health club) was doing, it all began to make sense. The fitness world is almost like a seperate entity unto itself.

I now try to present an overall image that speaks not of narcissism, but of total wellness for the "whole" person. It is my professional opinion that if others in the fitness industry would press upon total wellness and not on body fat or physical appearance, that we would have less disordered eating, more members, and a more healthy, connected population.

In closing, here is some food for thought:

F.Y.I.

• Did you know that if shop mannequins were real women they'd be too thin to menstruate?
• There are 3 billion women who don't look like supermodels and only eight who do.
• Marilyn Monroe wore a size 14.
• If Barbie was a real woman, she'd have to walk on all fours due to her proportions.
• The average woman weighs 144 lbs and wears between a 12-14.
• One out of every four college aged women has an eating disorder.
• The models in the magazines are airbrushed - not perfect!
• A psychological study in 1995 found that three minutes spent looking at a fashion magazine caused 70% of women to feel depressed, guilty, and shameful.
• Models twenty years ago weighed 8% less than the average woman. Today they weigh 23% less.

EATING DISORDERS RESOURSES

BIBLIOGRAPHY

BOOKS/PERIODICALS

• American Psychiatric Association (2000). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders, Fourth edition, Text revision. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association.
• Epstein, M. (1995). Thoughts without a thinker. New York: BasicBooks.
• Fairburn, C.G. & Wilson, G.T. (1993). Binge eating: Nature, assessment, and treatment. New York: Guilford Press.
• Fallon, P., Katzman, M.A., & Wooley, S.C. (1994). Feminists perspective on eating disorders. New York: Guilford Press.
• Garner, D.M. & Garfinkel, P.E. (1997). Handbook of treatment for eating disorders. New York: Guilford Press.
• Gerard, J. (2001). Intuitive exercise. Ace Fitness Matters, Vol 7, (14) 8-9.
• Greene, B. (2000). Emotional eating: The hungry i. O The Oprah Magazine, Vol 1 (4), October, 186-192.
• Hay, L. (1987). You can heal your life. Carlsbad, CA: Hay House, Inc.
• Hornbacher, M. (1998). Wasted: A memoir of anorexia and bulimia. New York: Harper Perennial.
• Hornyak, L.M. & Baker, E. K. (1989). Experiential therapies for eating disorders. New York: Guilford Press.
• Kessler, K. (1994). A study of the diagnostic drawing series with eating disordered patients. Art Therapy: The Journal of the American Art Therapy Association, 11 (2), 116-118.
• Knaster, M. (1996) Discovering the body's wisdom. New York: Bantam Books.
• Krueger, D.W. & Schofield, E. (1989). Dance/movement therapy of eating disordered patients: A model. The Arts in Psychotherapy, Vol. 13, 323-331.
• Lamothe, D. (1998) The taming of the chew. Epping, NH: Questover Books.
• Makin, S.R. (2000). More than just a meal: the art of eating disorders. Philadelphia: Jessica Kingsley Publishers.
• Maxmen, J.S. & Ward, N.G. (1995). Essential psychopathology and its treatment. New York: W.W. Norton & Company.
• Neporent, L. (2001). Exercise and self-esteem: when the pursuit of perfection overrides the pursuit of fitness. Ace Fitness Matters, Vol 7, (14) 10-11.
• Pipher, M. (1994). Reviving ophelia: Saving the lives of adolescent girls. New York: Ballantine Press.
• Thompson, R.A. & Sherman, R.T. (1993). Helping athletes with eating disorders. Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics.
• Vanderycken, W., Kog, E., & Vanderlinden, J. (1989). The family approach to eating disorders. New York: PMA Publishing Corp.
• Worth, J.W. (1995). The toad within: How to control eating choices. Dubuque, IA: Islewest Publishing.

VIDEOS/AUDIOCASSETTES

• Ackard, D.M. (1999). Applying the transtheoretical model to the treatment of eating disorders: Practical solutions for promoting change. [audiocassettes] Philadelphia: The Renfrew Foundation Conference.
• Bradshaw, J. (1994). Bradshaw on eating disorders part I: Obsessions with food. [videotape] Houston: Bradshaw Cassettes.
• Bradshaw, J. (1994). Bradshaw on eating disorders part II: The danger of diets. [videotape] Houston: Bradshaw Cassettes.
• Bradshaw, J. (1994). Bradshaw on eating disorders part III: Ten components of non- addictive eating. [videotape] Houston: Bradshaw Cassettes.
• Davis, W.N. (1999). Theory and treatment of eating disorders: An overview for clinicians in general practice. [audiocassettes] Philadelphia: The Renfrew Foundation Conference.
• Hayes, D. (1999). Taming the food monster: Exploring creative approaches to Resolving food issues. [audiocassette] Philadelphia: The Renfrew Foundation Conference.
• Maine, M. (1999). Body wars: Making peace with women's bodies. [audiocassette] Philadelphia: The Renfrew Foundation Conference.
• Rubenfeld, I. (1999). The seven steps for changing and healing the emotional body. [audiocassettes] Philadelphia: The Renfrew Foundation Conference.
• Thompson, L. (1999). Body image as experience. [audiocassette] Philadelphia: The Renfrew Foundation Conference.